Primary Energy Consumption Structure Research Articles

Coal consumption and carbon emission reductions in BRICS countries.

The primary energy consumption structure of BRICS countries is dominated by fossil energy, particularly coal. Coal consumption in BRICS countries is a major driver underlying increased carbon emissions. Therefore, this study developed a spatiotemporal decoupling mode and incorporated factors related to coal consumption-induced carbon emissions into a spatiotemporal decoupling analysis method to provide differentiated and targeted policies for energy restructuring and emission reduction targets in BRICS countries. Moreover, a temporal-spatial decomposition logarithmic mean Divisia index model was developed using the spatiotemporal decoupling index method. The model is based on CO2 emissions generated by coal consumption in BRICS countries, with a primary focus on data from Brazil, Russia, South Africa, India, and China. The findings reveal distinct spatiotemporal distributions and driving effects of coal consumption and carbon dioxide emissions across various countries. Factors such as CO2 emission intensity, coal consumption intensity, economic output per capita, and population structure exerted either positive or negative effects on the distributional effect of the carbon emission-economic output per capita association in BRICS countries. Additionally, country-level heterogeneity in the influence of the distributional effects of CO2 emissions was observed within each BRICS country. Thus, different policies are needed to achieve carbon emission reduction targets in different countries.

Analysis on accident types of coal mine in global major coal producing countries

Coal plays an extremely important role in the global primary energy consumption structure; It is of great significance to analyze the types of coal mine accidents in major coal producing countries. This paper makes a comparative analysis of the types of coal mine accidents in the USA, Australia, Russia, India, and China, which has a significance for further improving coal mine safety in various countries.

Primary Energy Consumption Patterns in Selected European Countries from 1990 to 2021: A Cluster Analysis Approach

This study delves into the structure of primary energy consumption in European countries, utilizing data from the Eurostat database, and focuses on the years 1990 and 2021. Through cluster analysis, countries were categorized based on their consumption patterns, revealing significant insights into energy security. The findings indicate a discernible shift away from solid fossil fuels, with renewable energy sources witnessing the most substantial growth. Natural gas, serving as a transitional fuel, has seen a rise in consumption, while nuclear energy’s development remained relatively stagnant. Oil, despite its declining share, remains a crucial component in the European energy mix. The study also highlights the challenges and implications of over-reliance on a single energy source, emphasizing the need for a diversified energy strategy. The analysis underscores the importance of diversifying primary energy sources to ensure energy security. While renewable sources are environmentally favorable, their inherent instability necessitates backup from other energy sources. Solid fossil fuels, despite their availability, face challenges due to environmental concerns. Natural gas, while flexible, requires extensive infrastructure and is highly politicized. Nuclear energy, despite its potential as an ideal complement to renewables, faces barriers in terms of investment and public perception. Oil, though convenient, is a fossil source with associated CO2 emissions and largely needs to be imported. In conclusion, the study advocates for a well-diversified set of energy sources tailored to individual country-specific situations, emphasizing the importance of strategic planning in energy consumption to ensure long-term energy security.

Predicting the Potential of China’s Geothermal Energy in Industrial Development and Carbon Emission Reduction

The goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality requires major systemic changes in the energy supply sector. As one of the major non-carbon-based energy sources, geothermal energy is characterized by large reserves, stability, and reliability. This paper summarizes the current situation of geothermal resource endowment and industrial development in China. Based on this, a system dynamics model of geothermal industrialization is established, and the potential of geothermal industrialization and carbon emission reduction in China is predicted. The prediction results show that the growth rate of geothermal heating and cooling areas in the next 40 years will follow a trend of acceleration followed by deceleration. China’s geothermal energy heating and cooling area will reach 11.32–14.68 billion m2 by 2060, an increase of about 9–12 times compared to 2020. The proportion of geothermal heating and cooling area to the total building area in China will reach 13.77–17.85%. The installed capacity of geothermal power generation will reach 14,452.80–20,963.20 MW by 2060 under the scenario with electricity subsidies. The proportion of geothermal energy in China’s primary energy consumption structure will reach 3.67–5.64%. The annual carbon emission reduction potential of the geothermal industry will reach 436–632 million tons, equivalent to 4.41–6.39% of China’s carbon emissions in 2020. The results of this study can provide a reference for the healthy and high-quality development of China’s geothermal industry and help to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.

Energy Sufficiency in the Passenger Transport of Lithuania

This paper aims to understand the significance of energy sufficiency (ES) in passenger transport for the long-term resolution of energy, climate, and sustainable development issues in Lithuania. It computes related indicators, by fixing the passenger-kilometres (pkm) travelled by various modes of transportation and applying a scenario analysis with the MESSAGE model. The findings indicated that the country’s final energy consumption (FEC) in transportation could be reduced by 21.8% by 2050 due to slowing growth rate of distances travelled by passenger car but increasing use of public transport and bicycles. This would result in a decrease in the growth rate of primary energy consumption (PEC) by half (to 0.3% a year), an increase in the use of renewable energy sources (RES) to 67.2% in the PEC structure, savings of oil products by 6.4 TWh, and savings of new electricity generation capacity by 550 MW. Furthermore, 20 MtCO2eq. in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions could be realised between 2021 and 2050. To take advantage of the potential of ES, the policy measures of passenger car demand containment and a shift to non-motorised and less polluting modes of transportation should be implemented. Furthermore, priority should be given to policy measures that encourage use of public transportation.

Primary energy consumption structure and the influencing factors in China: an income decomposition and post-economic crisis era perspective.

China's coal-based energy structure makes its carbon peak and neutrality goals very challenging. As a result, optimizing the energy structure has become an important means, and researching its influencing factors and trends has become the foundation and prerequisite for policy formulation related to energy structure optimization. Especially after the severe economic crisis, the economic structure has undergone profound changes, and the impact of related factors on the energy structure has also changed. This study adopts regression methods considering heteroskedasticity and cross-section correlation to study the panel data of 30 provinces in China and obtains the changes in the relationship between fossil and non-fossil fuel consumption in different regions and their influencing factors after two global financial crises. Research results show that China's energy consumption tends to decouple from GDP. Income structure changes, especially trade changes, are important factors in influencing energy consumption and energy structure. The deviation between energy resource distribution and consumption distribution tends to increase. Regional heteroskedasticity is evident in the impact of urbanization development models, energy prices, and efficiency.

Natural gas development prospect in Changqing gas province of the Ordos Basin

At present, natural gas accounts for a low proportion in China's primary energy consumption structure and is highly dependent on foreign sources. Changqing gas province of the Ordos Basin where PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company (referred to as Changqing Oilfield) is located is one of China's four major natural gas production bases. It bears the important responsibility for ensuring people's livelihood and promoting the healthy development of society economy. In recent years, Changqing Oilfield actively implements national instructive spirit on vigorously promoting domestic oil and gas exploration and development strength and formulates the secondary acceleration development strategies. Its annual natural gas production in 2020 reaches 448.5 × 108 m3 and oil and gas equivalent exceeds 6000 × 104 t, tamping its important position of “Western Daqing” in this industry. In order to further promote the continuous stable production and realize the goal of quality and efficiency improvement in Changqing gas province, this paper analyzes the situations and challenges of natural gas development in this gas province, prepares the development technological countermeasures and forecast the natural gas development prospect. And the following research results are obtained. First, the natural gas exploration and development in Changqing gas province is divided into four stages and the main technologies for the development of low-permeability carbonate gas reservoir, low-permeability sandstone gas reservoir and tight sandstone gas reservoir are formed. Second, the natural gas development in Changqing gas province faces six challenges, such as low reserve production degree, sharp decline of production rates and complex distribution of remaining undeveloped reserves of developed gas fields. And twenty-six development technological countermeasures are put forward correspondingly, such as well pattern thickening, extension and reserve increase, secondary production layer potential tapping and fine gas well management. Third, the development direction and goal of natural gas development in Changqing gas province is to pay equal attention to the stable production of old gas fields and the production increase of new areas and carry out conventional gas and unconventional gas research simultaneously. In conclusion, the annual natural gas production of Changqing gas province will maintain a sound momentum of steady growth and will exceed 500 × 108 m3 at the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan and maintain at a stable level for a long term, which is conducive to the optimization of domestic energy consumption structure and realization of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality”.

Development prospect of natural gas industry in the Sichuan Basin in the next decade

The Sichuan Basin is the earliest natural gas discovery and utilization area in the world, where China's modern natural gas industry started. Through nearly 7 decades of development, a natural gas industrial system with complete upstream, midstream and downstream industry chain has been established, and its natural gas production has been among the top in China for half a century. And it has played an important role in the process of improving the primary energy consumption structure and constructing a “beautiful China”. The evaluation result of national oil and gas resources in the 13th Five-Year Plan shows that the natural gas resource extent in the Sichuan Basin is 39.94 × 1012 m3, ranking the first in petroliferous basins of China. In addition, the proven rate of natural gas resource is only 15% and it is still in the early and middles stages of exploration. Therefore, the Sichuan Basin has great potential in natural gas exploration and development. The natural gas production in the Sichuan Basin in 2020 is 565 × 108 m3 (including all production enterprises of PetroChina and Sinopec in the Sichuan Basin), taking the first place in China major gas producing areas. Over the next decade, the China puts forward new development concepts from the perspective of development circumstances. The construction of Chengdu–Chongqing economic circle will be promoted and a national natural gas strategic production base with yearly gas production of 1000 × 108 m3 will be built up in the Sichuan Basin, which marks a new golden development age of natural gas industry in the Sichuan Basin. From the perspective of development potential, deep and ultra-deep marine carbonate gas reservoirs, deep shale gas and continental tight sandstone gas will be the key exploration and development fields to search for giant gas fields in the Sichuan Basin. It is recommended to strengthen core technology researches according to the thoughts of “coordinated development of marine and continental, conventional and unconventional, structural and lithologic” and relying on theoretical and technological progress. In the future, it will enter a booming development period when the quality of natural gas resources will be continuously improved and the production rate will be increased continuously. In the meantime, take advantage of the opportunities of prosperity development to break through the development bottleneck of increasingly complex work objects, incomplete pipeline network system and insufficient high end and high additional value industries. Under the situation of normalized low oil price, construct a new-type industrial system with the coordinative development of natural gas production, transportation, storage and marketing and the innovation and efficiency improvement in the whole industrial chain. It is predictable that the natural gas industry in the Sichuan Basin will start in a new peak growth period and a high-quality development period in the next decade, and its yearly natural gas production will exceed 1000 × 108 m3, and the yearly natural gas production of PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company will reach 800 × 108 m3 in 2030. Obviously, the Sichuan Basin will be a world-class natural gas production and supply base.

Challenges of the Global Transition to the Use of Clean Carbon-Free Energy for Russia in the 21st Century

The article analyzes the current situation in the Russian energy sector from the viewpoint of the country's readiness to join the process of «energy transition» developing in the world. The characteristics are given and the key features of the structure of primary energy consumption in Russia at the present stage are identified. For a more comprehensive analysis, a comparison with similar indicators of a number of foreign countries is carried out. The official documentation base, which is designed to create the legal basis for the «decarbonization» of the Russian economy, is being analyzed. The attitude of the Russian Federation to the problem of combating global climate change is considered. The hypothesis is put forward that Russia is strategically ready to actively participate in the global processes of achieving low-carbon sustainable development. However, in the context of choosing tactics for the implementation of this task, it relies mainly on a conservative approach and a balanced optimal combination of various hydrocarbon and low-carbon energy sources. Russia's main goal in the context of the ongoing energy transition is to keep up technologically with developed countries but at the same time to meet its economic interests as a leading exporter of fossil fuels.

Zagraniczna polityka energetyczna Niemiec: uwarunkowania - cele - instrumenty

The paper presents selected issues of German foreign energy policy in terms of determinants-goals-instruments. The factors taken into account in the process of creating foreign energy policy are discussed: the structure of primary energy consumption and of domestic production, the degree of dependence on energy imports and of diversification of supply sources, diversification of transport routes and import infrastructure. The development and goals of foreign energy policy were presented as well as the main instruments for the implementation of energy interests in bilateral and multilateral cooperation were indicated. The problem of defining foreign energy policy was also researched.

Comparative Analysis of the Natural Gas Sector in Ukraine and the Czech Republic, Threats and Development Prospects

The natural gas sector plays a significant role in the energy sector. In Ukraine, natural gas accounts for about 30 % of the total consumption of energy resources, while in the Czech Republic only about 16 %. The article presents a comparative analysis of the natural gas sector in Ukraine and the Czech Republic in 2010–2019. The dynamics of changes in the production and consumption of natural gas in the discussed countries is presented. The structure of primary energy consumption, including natural gas, in 2018 and 2019 was analyzed. The analysis also covered the import of natural gas to Ukraine and the Czech Republic for own demand. Ukraine still has to import natural gas to meet its own demand, but in recent years, there have been drastic changes in the import of natural gas – and import dependency decreased by about 24 % in the analyzed period [1,2]. On the other hand, in the Czech Republic, the import of natural gas fluctuated within a limited range, and the import dependence increased by about 27 % compared to 2010 [1,3,4]. The article also deals with the problems of the gas pipeline system supplying natural gas from Russia to European countries. Keywords: Energy resources; Natural gas; Natural gas import.

The criticality of crude oil for energy security: A case of Poland

The aim of the study was analysis of the criticality of crude oil for a Poland. The need to ensure continuous supply of oil for the Polish economy is one of the key foundations of energy security. Small domestic production, continuous increase in demand and growing share in the national structure of primary energy consumption result in a continuous increase of oil imports to Poland. Currently, imported oil cover above 97% of domestic consumption. It is the most important imported mineral for the Polish economy, whose value of annual consumption exceeds the total value of all other consumed mineral in Poland. One of the main goal of Polish energy policy is the strong diversification of sources of oil imports, with limiting its supplies from high risk countries. Authors tried to confirm criticality of crude oil for the Polish economy using the original methodology of determining key, strategic and critical minerals. They thoroughly analyzed trends in the development of this mineral consumption in the last two decades, indicating limited possibilities of crude oil substitution in the coming two decades. The possibilities of developing domestic production, and directions for the diversification of crude oil imports to Poland, were also considered.

Research on the Impact of Carbon Tax on CO2Emissions of China’s Power Industry

Based on the TIMES model, a system for CO2emission reduction in China’s power industry is built in this paper. Four scenarios including different carbon tax levels are set up, simulating the CO2emissions of China’s power industry in 2020–2050 by using scenario analysis method. The power consumption demand, primary energy consumption structure, CO2emission characteristics, emission reduction potential, and cost of different carbon tax levels are quantitatively studied. In combination with the impact on China’s macroeconomy, the carbon tax level corresponding to the best CO2emission reduction effect of China’s power industry is obtained, aiming to provide key data and a theoretical basis for China’s low-carbon development as well as the optimization and adjustment of global power production system. The results show that with the development of economy and society in the future, China’s power consumption demand will increase year by year, while the primary energy consumption of the power industry will maintain a rapid growth. The power industry still relies heavily on fossil energy, which will cause great pressure on China’s economic development and ecological environment. Carbon tax will have an important impact on the primary energy supply structure of China’s power industry, and renewable energy can be developed in different degrees. CO2emissions will be significantly reduced, reaching the peak value during 2030–2040 in China’s power industry. The medium carbon tax level (TAX-2) set in this paper can meet the requirements of both CO2emission reduction effect and cost in the power industry, with the most elastic impact on the national economy and the smallest GDP loss, which can be used as an effective environmental economic policy tool.

The role of LNG supplies in balancing natural gas demand in EU countries

Over the last decade, developments could be observed in the structure of primary energy consumption in EU countries. In order to achieve the goals, energy carriers with minimum impact on the natural environment are used, and natural gas is considered to be such a fuel. The share of natural gas in the EU’s energy balance in the analysed period, from 2000 to 2016, remained at a relatively stable level. However, in the case of individual countries, its share in the energy balance depends on specific characteristics of a country. Regardless of the share of natural gas in the energy consumption structure of individual countries, they strive to diversify the supply of natural gas. One of the main constituents of natural gas supply diversification is the construction of LNG import terminals. Access to this infrastructure enhances energy security and offers better opportunities when negotiating long-term contracts for the supply of natural gas. The EU possesses significant possibilities of importing natural gas through LNG terminals, but until now they have been used to a limited extent, it may indicate that in addition todiversification tasks, terminals are a guarantee in the event ofinterruptions in gas supplies using gas pipelines.

Analysis of Influencing Factors and Trend Forecast of Carbon Emission from Energy Consumption in China Based on Expanded STIRPAT Model

With the convening of the annual global climate conference, the issue of global climate change has gradually become the focus of attention of the international community. As the largest carbon emitter in the world, China is facing a serious situation of carbon emission reduction. This paper uses the IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) method to calculate the carbon emissions of energy consumption in China from 1996 to 2016, and uses it as a dependent variable to analyze the influencing factors. In this paper, five factors, total population, per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product), urbanization level, primary energy consumption structure, technology level, and industrial structure are selected as the influencing factors of carbon emissions. Based on the expanded STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology) model, the influencing degree of different factors on carbon emissions of energy consumption is analyzed. The results show that the order of impact on carbon emissions from high to low is total population, per capita GDP, technology level, industrial structure, primary energy consumption structure, and urbanization level. On the basis of the above research, the carbon emissions of China′s energy consumption in the future are predicted under eight different scenarios. The results show that, when the population and economy keep a low growth rate, while improving the technology level can effectively control carbon emissions from energy consumption, China′s carbon emissions from energy consumption will reach 302.82 million tons in 2020.

Industrial Structure Restructuring, Production Factor Allocation Analysis: Based on a Mineral Resource-Intensive City—Jiaozuo City

The importance of sustainable development of the mineral resources industry is self-evident for the reason of that China’s primary energy consumption structure has not changed. While the development level is not only affected by resource endowment, but also by technology. At this important historical stage—namely, transforming China’s economic growth mode—how to effectively conduct the supply-side reform has a remarkable strategic significance to the national sustainable economic development goal. In general, if we want to seek a sustainable development path for a mineral resource-intensive region, we must answer the binary contradictory relationship between the mineral resources industry. In order to accomplish these targets, we constructed five index layers and selected 14 specific indicators according to the production function followed by using Kolmogorov entropy. Then, we calculated the Pierce coefficient of different industries and the transfer entropy of production factors of some representative industry in different categories. In this way, the structural similarities or differences in the distribution of production factors are empirically examined. The results of our study showed that the industrial layout of the target case—Jiaozuo City—has not been qualitatively changed, most of its industries is still dominated by resources and labor-based enterprises; at the same time, in terms of production factors structure, resource-based industries are not similar to others showing that similarities and differentiation coexisted; the results of transfer entropy revealed that the reason why differences in similarity mainly are R&D expenditures, total investment in fixed assets, and coal consumption.

Supply and Demand of Natural Gas in China and Its Prospects

The coal-dominated primary energy consumption structure has triggered a series of environmental problems such as air pollution, smog and climate warming. To solve these problems, China has no way but to accelerate the transformation of energy consumption and optimize the energy structure. Natural gas, the cleanest, low-carbon and efficient fossil energy, plays a very important role in the energy structure in developed countries. On the other hand, the consumption of natural gas in China only accounted for 5.8% of the primary energy consumption in 2015, representing a huge gap compared with the world average of 24.1%. Before a major breakthrough is made in the renewable energy technology, significantly increasing the proportion of natural gas in the primary energy consumption structure will become an important means helping China transition to a low-carbon energy structure. To this end, China has set a natural gas consumption target of 360 billion m3 for 2020.Recently, the global natural gas market has encountered excessive supply and weak price. It is generally predicted by international research institutions that this situation will continue for several years, which will create a great external environment for the widespread use of natural gas in China and the accomplishment of the “13th Five-Year Plan” and mid- and long-term targets for natural gas development. China should utilize the favourable circumstance in the market and take the opportunity of low oil prices to create a new impetus for the development of natural gas consumption.

Carbon-weighted economic development performance and driving force analysis: Evidence from China

Based on a data envelopment analysis framework, this study develops an indicator termed as carbon-weighted economic development (CWED) covering the dimensions of energy, environment, economy and resources to measure the economic development performance in a carbon-emission conscious economy. As an empirical application, the proposed approach is applied to a case study of 30 provinces in China. In addition, to identify the driving forces underlying low-carbon economic development in China, we analyze the endogenous interactions and dynamic behaviors between CWED, Foreign Direct Investment, foreign trade, industrial structure, local fiscal expenditure and energy consumption structure using a panel vector auto-regression model. The main findings show that, (1) adjusting industrial structure by vigorously developing the service industry and reducing the coal energy share in the primary energy consumption structure are the two most effective approaches to improve CWED in both the short-run and long-run; in return, CWED has positive feedback effects on both approaches in the long-run; (2) increase of the fiscal expenditure has a short-term positive effect on CWED; (3) FDI has an indirect negative effect on CWED in the long-run and foreign trade has an indirect positive effect on CWED in the short-term.

Trends in the consumption of hard coal in Polish households compared to EU households

Abstract Due to the important role of hard coal in the Polish residential sector, the article traced the changes that have occurred in the use of this fuel in the European Union and in Poland in the years 1990–2014. Throughout the European Union, hard coal has an important place in the structure of primary energy consumption. In the years 1990–2014, primary energy consumption in the European Union (calculated for all 28 Member States) has changed between 1507 and 1722 million toe. Between 2014 and 1990, there was a decrease of primary energy consumption, and the average rate of decline amounted to −0.2%. According to Council Directive 2013/12/EU, by the year 2020 energy consumption throughout the EU is expected to be no more than 1483 Mtoe of primary energy, and already in 2014 total primary energy consumption in the EU28 was higher than assumed by this target by only about 24 million toe (2%). Actions taken to protect the climate result in reducing the consumption of hard coal in the European Union. Between 1990 and 2014, the consumption of hard coal decreased by 41% (a decrease of 126 million toe), and the average rate of decline in consumption of this fuel amounted to −2.1%. Throughout the EU, households are not as significant a consumer of hard coal, as in Poland. Although EU28’s coal consumption in this sector in the years 1990 to 2014 varied between 6.5–15.8 million toe, its share in the overall consumption of this fuel usually maintained at around 3–5%. The changing fuel mix, closing of mines or gradual extinction of coal mining, environmental policy of the individual countries meant that coal has lost its position in some of them. Analyzing the structure of hard coal consumption by households in the EU28 countries in the years 1900 to 2014, one may notice that the leaders are those countries that have their own coal mines. Due to the structure of consumption of hard coal by the customers, the article discussed two countries: Poland and Great Britain in greater detail. In 1990, Poland (50%) and Britain (18%) were close leaders, and twenty-five years later, only Poland has remained in first place (84%) and Great Britain has fallen to fourth place (4%). Between 2014 and 1990, the consumption of hard coal by the British residential sector decreased by 88% to only 0.3 million toe. In the case of Poland, it admittedly decreased by 6%, but still exceeds 6 million toe. The decrease in hard coal consumption in Great Britain was largely a consequence of The Clean Air Act introduced in 1956. In Britain, the process of replacing coal with other fuels (mostly natural gas) lasted several decades. Domestic coal was replaced with another mainly domestic resource – natural gas which ensured the security of its supply. The article also describes the households in the European Union and in Poland. The overall housing stock was taken into account, together with the distribution of population according to the degree of urbanization. Regulations that have a significant impact on the consumption of energy in the European Union were also discussed.

Optimization of structure of primary energy consumption

Optimization of structure of primary energy consumption